Past issues

Welcome to IJLERA! International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications

Volume 02 - Issue 09 (September 2017) (Version-I)


Title:
Design Considerations of a Fault Current Limiting Dynamic Voltage Restorer (FCL-DVR)
Authors:
N. Narasimhulu, A. Pravallika Rani, Dr. R. Ramachandra
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 01 - 07, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
In this project, a concept of fault current limiting dynamic voltage restorer (FCL-DVR) is proposed. It should be noted that only one additional crowbar bidirectional thyristor switch is added across the output terminals of each phase of the conventional DVR, greatly simplifying its implementation. Furthermore, the FCL-DVR can maintain the same power rating as the conventional DVR without FCL function. The proposed work can be carried using Matlab/Simulink.
Keywords:
DVR, Voltage Sag, Crow Bar thyrisitor
Download Full Article

Title:
An Assessment of Pension Coverage among the Informal Sector Workers in Ghana
Authors:
Aaron Kumah, Theresa Botsie, Williams Kwasi Boachie, Veronica Adu-Brobbey (Mrs)
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 08 - 19, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
This paper assessed the coverage level of the pension system amongthe informal sector workforce in Ghana especially with the coming into being of the new pension law, Act 766 (2008). The paper argues given the aging and growing informality, a rapid forward-looking response from governments in the country is necessary to provide protection against the risk of poverty in old age. This risk is particularly acute in the case of informal sector workers, as is the difficulty of reaching them through traditional formal-sector pension approaches. Sampling techniques of clusterand simple random were used to collect data from 422 respondents and a Statistical Programmed for Social Scientist (SPSS) were used to review the work. From the analysis of the study, it was realized the level of pension coverage among the informal sector workforce is weak. This is happening as a result of lack of awareness, unavailability of pension institutions among others culminating into non-viability and unsuitability.The researchers then conclude that expanding coverage to informal sector workers through mandatory and auto enrolment systems as exist in the formal sector is likely to beef up coverage. Alternatively, if voluntary arrangement is still to be used, because the informal sector workers tend to have lower savings capacity, irregular income streams and poor data management, a high discount rates, targeted subsidies might be required to encourage enrolment.
Keywords:
Constitution, Defined Benefit, Defined Contribution,Ghana, Pension, Social Security
Download Full Article

Title:
Success behind the Distress of Women in Anita Rau Badami's Tamarind Mem and Shashi Deshpande's That Long Silence
Authors:
T. Sree Latha, Dr. N. Asharudeen
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 20 - 22, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
In the 20th century, women's writing is the most powerful medium of modernism and feminist ideologies. Women novelists integrated various female experiences. In the recent two decades, an extraordinary success is observed in their feminist writings. The present women writers, who are western educated, have brought their novels with women issues. The paper compares the depiction of women in Anita Rau Badami‟s Tamarind Mem and Shashi Deshpande‟s That Long Silence. The tales of both the women, though different, are much common in the background and treatment. It is so interesting to note that both the authors advocate a similar message through their novels ie., the need for an equal, open and friendly treatment to women in their respective families. The protagonist of Badami‟s novel is compared with that of Shashi Deshpande‟s on various similar aspects. The commonality in their observations and presentations is discussed with sincere appreciative perception. The way the two writers highlight the bond of marriage, and Indian culture shows their Indian-ness at heart.
Keywords:
Female experiences, relationship, family
Download Full Article

Title:
Single Response optimization of abrasive waterjet machining process by Taguchi's parameter design approach
Authors:
Harendra Pal, Hari Singh and Jatinder Kumar
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 23 - 31, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
The emerging non-conventional technology,Abrasive WaterJet Machining (AWJM) isused for machining hard material parts that are extremely difficult to machine by conventional machining processes.The objective of the paper is to obtain an optimal setting of process parameters for thebest surface finish. The effects of pressure, stand-off distance and orifice size on surface roughness and their subsequent optimal settings have been accomplished using Taguchi's parameter design approach. The results indicate that the selected process parameters significantly affect the surface finish of machined parts on abrasive waterjet machine.Surface finish is well influenced by two process parameters ― water jet pressure and nozzle diameter size of the AWJM.
Keywords:
AWJM, Taguchi's Parameter Design Approach, optimization, nozzle size, abrasive particle size,SR, ANOVA.
Download Full Article

Title:
Design of Nano-Electro Mechanical (NEM) Relay Based Nano Transistor for Power Efficient VLSI Circuits
Authors:
Arul C and Dr. Omkumar S
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 32 - 37, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
In this paper, the Nano-electro mechanical (NEM) relay is experimentally demonstrated and the proposed NEM relay based transistor is used to implement the digital circuit for the efficient power utilization. Nano-electro mechanical is one of the promising technologies for the Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor CMOS backend design. The reductions of the power utilization are advancement of the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology. The NEM relay based transistor is designed by using the bulk CMOS technology then the transistor is used to implement the digital circuits. In this work, the NEM relay based inverter is designed in the Tanner EDA by using CMOS technology. The proposed NEM based digital inverter is performed efficiently compare than the conventional CMOS based digital inverter. The synthesis of the conventional and proposed work is evaluated with the spice net list file by using the H-Spice. By implementing the NEM Relay based digital inverter, the power utilization is highly reduced compare than the bulk CMOS technology and also the area utilization is efficient. The NEM Relay Nano transistor based inverter is implemented in terms of the VLSI Design environment.
Keywords:
Nano-electro mechanical (NEM), Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), Integrated Circuit (IC), Very large scale integration (VLSI).
Download Full Article

Title:
Reconciliation of Electrical Distribution System
Authors:
Ajay Kumar Sharma, Jitender Singh
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 38 - 43, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
The techniques of Data Reconciliation have been applied to an Electrical Distribution System. These techniques have been developed in the field of electrical engineering with the purpose to optimize the losses and to reduce the revenue cost. The losses data would be reduced by exploiting the fault that are obtained from the existing system. The different feeder's data for Reconciliation have been carried out first by studying entire test rig. Generating a set of measurements. Second the real data was obtained by real measurements the losses would be optimized. This application is somehow an ideal application of Data Reconciliation. Latter since Losses are often present in the measurements from a distribution Network, a real or experimental application of Data Reconciliation was considered for a feeder. The objective was to understand if the measured values of line losses and transformer losses rate at the input and outlet of the recuperate were compatible and reliable. Measured value affected by losses was identified, focusing on its effect over all the other measurements during calculation. Hence the existing data was compared with the proposed design and then it was compared and calculated the payback period to reduce the revenue cost.
Keywords:
Cables, Feeders, Power, Substation, Transformers.
Download Full Article

Title:
Performance Evaluation of Internet of Things Routing Protocols
Authors:
K.Bhagavan, P.Raja Rajeswari,
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 44 - 48, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) is a community of related physical articles that are open through the web. The "thing" in IoT could take care of business with a heart screen or an auto with intrinsic sensors, i.e. objects that have been doled out an IP address and can accumulate and trade data over a framework without manual help or mediation. The introduced advancement in the articles helps them to take up with internal states or the external environment, which along these lines impacts the decisions taken. IoT has been drawing in much enthusiasm of scientists in the most recent couple of years. In any case, IOT confronting number of difficulties like steering, security, and so on. Steering in IOT is substantially more mind boggling and there is no correct directing convention, different analysts proposes distinctive directing conventions. In this article we looking at the execution of IOT steering conventions, for example, RPL, LOADING and OLSR utilizing NS2.
Download Full Article

Title:
Low-cost sanitation technology options for low-income high-density peri-urban communities of developing countries
Authors:
Roland S. Kabange
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 49 - 62, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
Low-cost sanitation technology options (STOs) are the most common in developing countries‟ poor and densely-populated peri-urban communities. STOs literature for low-income high-density peri-urban communities are however scarce, largely scattered and sometimes unpublished. Low-cost STOs functionality, operation and maintenance (O & M) are often either not well known, understood, or lack the necessary attention. Increasing acute water scarcity triggered by population explosion globally rules out water-dependent STOs such as conventional sewerage as solution to excreta management challenges, particularly for households with either poor or no incomes. Pro-poor low-cost water-independent alternatives fit better into the norms, traditions, and socio-cultural settings of today‟s multi-ethnic low-income densely-populated communities. To bring clarity, improved understanding, and aggregate all feasible low-cost STOs likely to be cost-effective in low-income communities, two pairs of categorizations are offered in this review. Practical information on the design, construction, and O & M of pro-poor sanitation technologies well-suited to the socio-cultural and economic needs of peri-urban communities is offered. The paper puts up a compelling case for non-waterborne excreta management and disposal technologies, not only for the peri-urban poor largely found in developing countries, but also for the developed world. The author argues that the enormous cost of conventional sewerage (CS) and the urgent need for sanitation improvement in many poor communities suggest that simple, cheap and cost-effective STOs that use no (or minimal) water and support excreta reuse ought to be encouraged. Though ecological sanitation (ecosan) is characterized by the concept of recycling excreta, environmentally friendly with potential food and agricultural benefits, further research on ecosan implications and cost are recommended. It is further recommended that this review paper be made extensively available within Ghana and other developing countries where similar technologies are used. The review concludes that the achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on sanitation coverage can only be a reality if focus and attention is given to simple but cost-effective pro-poor STOs with low (or no) water requirements.
Keywords:
low-cost sanitation technology options, peri-urban communities, low-income high-density, developing countries.
Download Full Article

Title:
Simplified sewerage – "true partner" of the peri-urban poor?
Authors:
Roland S. Kabange
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 63 - 67, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
At the commencement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development implementation which officially took-off on 1st January 2016 to address unresolved global challenges over the next 15 years under the auspices of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 2.4 billion people globally are without improved sanitation while unimproved sanitation coverage reduced by only 9% to 32% over the period 2000 – 2015. Most of the unserved are poor and live in water-scarce high-density peri-urban communities of developing countries, often without the basic life amenities. Sanitation is therefore a real challenge for communities with disproportionate number of poor people. This paper reviews peer-reviewed literature for a 'true partner' to serve the 2.4 billion peri-urban poor without improved sanitation. There is no justification for large water quantities use to flush small excreta under global water-stress conditions, particularly when sanitation technology options (STOs) that need minimal (or no) water to efficiently function is available. The need to target resources to regions with slow sanitation coverage progress is now. Pro-poor low-cost STOs that require no (or minimal) water to operate, support excreta reuse, and fit into the socio-cultural settings of these communities are therefore encouraged. The author argues that the achievements of the SDG on sanitation coverage are contingent upon attention payment to, and adoption of, simple but cost-effective and acceptable pro-poor STOs. The author further argues for simplified sewerage (SS) as the likely STO of choice and 'true partner' of the peri-urban poor on grounds that it reflects the conclusive arguments put forward by nearly all authors on the subject. While a strong case is made for SS as a 'true partner' for the peri-urban poor, technical guidelines and policies design to address SS implementation challenges, and successful adoption and roll-out are recommended if SS schemes are to pass the sustainability test and be 'true partner' of the peri-urban poor.
Keywords:
simplified sewerage, sanitation technology options, true partner, pro-poor peri-urban communities, Ghana
Download Full Article

Volume 02 - Issue 09 (September 2017) (Version - II)


Title:
Influence of Addition Steel Powder on Characteristics Biocomposite Cements - Fiber Sugarcane Powder
Authors:
Santoso Mulyadi, Yuni Hermawan
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 01 - 05, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
Development of composite technology began to grow rapidly, composites are now many who use natural fibers as a substitute for synthetic fibers. The composite function in a variety of components, among others, used for automotive, electric cars, aircraft, ships and sports equipment. Preparation of composites containing cane powder and portland cement matrix was carried out with the variables used: sugae cane powder size 0.18 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.42 mm. Steel powder sizes: 1.2 mm, 1.8 mm and 2.4 mm. The observed parameters were tensile strength and impact strength of composite materials. From this research, the optimum tensile strength value was found on the size of 0.18 mm cane powder and 1.2 mm steel powder size with a tensile strength value of 0.38 N/mm2. The optimum impact strength value occurred on the size of 0.18 mm cane powder and 2.4 mm steel powder size with impact strength value of 1.44 J/mm2. From the results of macro observation for the impact test results the type of fracture formed is a brittle fracture.
Keywords:
Composite, Sugarcane, Tensile test and Impact test.
Download Full Article

Title:
Passive Islanding Detection Technique for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Time domain analysis
Authors:
D. Devi Vara Prasad, B. Pangedaiah
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 06 - 12, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
Oneof the main challenges of integrating distributed generation into the power grid is islanding, which occurs when a part of the electrical power system is disconnected from the rest of the grid and is still energized by a DG unit. If islanding is not quickly detected, it can present serious safety and hazardous conditions. Conventional passive detection techniques used today are entirely dependent on the parameters of the power system, which under certain operating conditions may fail to detect islanding. In this paper, a passive islanding detection technique for grid-connected photovoltaic-based inverters is presented. The proposed technique utilizes the converter-induced ripples in the instantaneous voltage amplitude at the point of common coupling to detect islanding. The performance of this technique was extensively tested and quantified under a wide range of operating conditions. The results are presented in this paper using Matlab/simulink).
Keywords:
Anti-islanding, distributed generation, passive islanding detection, smart grid, spectral analysis.
Download Full Article

Title:
Rural Healthcare Service Provision and Implication in Rural Development of Imo State, Nigeria
Authors:
Onwujiariri, C.M., Nwachi, C.C. and Nkwocha, E.E.
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 13 - 22, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
The provision of adequate healthcare to citizens has become a major concern in Nigeria. However, information on the nature of such provision especially in the rural areas, has remained scanty. This study was carried out to determine the nature of rural healthcare provision and its implication in the rural development of Imo State. The study was carried out in 11 out of 22 Rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) in which 44 communities were drawn from a total of 117 rural communities in the sampled LGAs with a sample size of 627. Questionnaire survey method is the main instrument of data collection using stratified and simple random techniques. Data extracted from the questionnaire were collated and tabulated into percentage ratios and analysed using Gini Index. Chi Square and Students' t-test tools were used to test the two basic hypotheses. Results show that healthcare facilities and the services rendered are not equitably distributed in the study area. Most of the facilities are in a state of disrepair, characterized by dilapidated buildings, poor equipment and are poorly staffed (medical doctors). Services rendered in them are below par, as there are persistent lack of essential drugs, high cost of treatment and long waiting time for medical consultations. Despite these deficiencies, the study established high correlation between health service provision and rural development in the area, especially in the reduction of death rate, infant and maternal mortality.
Keywords:
care, facilities, health, Imo State, rural, service provision, Nigeria.
Download Full Article

Title:
DCCNT: Dynamic Clustering based Circular Network Transmission for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network
Authors:
M. Jagadeeswara Reddy, Dr. P. Chenna Reddy
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 23 - 29, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
WSNs are application specific, we deployed heterogeneous (Un similar) sensor nodes in the circular area to monitor the network events. In the proposed research we deployed 3-level hierarchy of nodes (namely Advanced, Medium, Normal) in the network named as Heterogeneous WSN. The overall circular network divided into two concentric circles based on the transmission range of Base Sink (BS), which contains nine sub regions together and each region may contain a different number of sensor nodes. The first sub-region considered as an intra cluster communication, BS directly collects the sensor nodes information and, the remaining eight sub regions considered inter cluster communication which data are aggregated by Cluster Head (high energy node) in each road and simultaneously updates to the Mobile Sink (MS). DCCNT provides two mathematical models; packet flow and drop rate estimation is based on a linear programming model, one other model estimates the overall energy consumption of the nodes in each round. Simulation done with MATLAB and results show that DCCNT achieved better stability of nodes, throughput than SEP and DEEC.
Download Full Article

Title:
Integration of RTPG and Activity Driven fine grained CG using Stack approach
Authors:
A. Adi Narayana, K. Naveen Kumar
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 30 - 36, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
In Integrated circuits a gargantuan portion of chip power is expended by clocking system which comprises of timing elements such as flipflops, latches and clock distribution network. This paper enumerates power efficient design of shift registers using D flipflops along with Clock and Power gating integration. Clock gating and power gating proves to be very effective solutions for reducing dynamic and active leakage power respectively. The two techniques are coupled in such a way that the clock gating information is used to drive the control signal of power-gating circuitry. In this paper, an activity driven fine-grained clock and power gating is proposed. First, a technique named Optimized Bus-Specific- Clock-Gating (OBSC) is introduced which reduces the problem of gated flipflop selection by appropriate selection of subset of flipflops. Then another technique named Run Time Power Gating (RTPG) is proposed for power gating the combinational logics performing redundant operations. The proposed shift registers are designed up to the layout level with 1V Power supply in 0.18um technology and simulated using microwind simulations for different clock frequencies and the performance of the shift registers are evaluated by observing the average power.
Keywords:
Optimized Bus-Specific-Clock- Gating (OBSC), Run Time Power Gating (RTPG), microwind.
Download Full Article

Title:
Research Study of Water- Diesel Emulsion as Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engine – An Overview
Authors:
K R Patel, Vijay Dhiman
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 37 - 41, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
The need for more efficient fuel and a less polluted environment are the prominent research areas that are currently being investigated by many researchers worldwide. Water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) is one of the promising alternative fuel. It can improve the combustion efficiency of a diesel engine and reduce harmful exhaust gases, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). There have been many W/D emulsion fuel studies, especially regarding performance, emissions and micro-explosion phenomena. This review paper gathers and discusses the recent advances in emulsion fuel studies in respect of the impact of W/D emulsion fuel on the performance and emission of diesel engines. It is agreed by most of the studies that W/D does result in an improvement in engine performance measurements when the total amount of diesel fuel in the emulsion is compared with that of the neat diesel fuel. NOx and PM exhaust gas emissions are greatly reduced by using the W/D emulsion fuel. Unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) exhaust emissions are found to be increased by using the W/D emulsion fuel. The factors that affect these measurements consist of the type of diesel engine and engine operating conditions, droplet size of the emulsion, water-content in the emulsion, type and percentage of surfactant, ambient temperature, ambient pressure.
Keywords:
Water- diesel emulsion, diesel engine, emission, performance
Download Full Article

Title:
Mitigating Multihazard Risk for Multistoried Buildings in GIS Environment
Authors:
Dr. Nilesh S. Jha
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 42 - 46, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
Urban habitats which are generally complex and interdependent systems, are extremely vulnerable to threats from hazards both natural and manmade. Much of the research has been done in developed countries to study effects of multi hazards on urban habitats, methodology of diagnosis, mitigation strategies, and implementation issues, creating awareness, effective usage of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) in disaster mapping, guidelines for safer habitats, infrastructure planning and routing urban utilities. Government of India and United Nations Development Program (2006) have suggested a Disaster Management plan dedicated to school buildings but study of vulnerability of other infrastructure under multiple hazards, their mitigation strategies and a contingency plan for implementation of protocols in the event of such disasters has not been done till date. This paper examines how development of new technologies in GIS and interdisciplinary research using sensors, controls and data acquisition, can be utilized to monitor the hazard levels and their effective mitigation strategies; Development plans and implementation strategies to prevent huge losses to life and property of various countries have been studied. It also examines what types of guidelines should be prepared for citizens and city planners. Meticulous planning early and ahead of construction leads to optimum solutions rather than rebuilding entire cities after the destruction, especially when buildings are competing to be taller and demands on public utilities become more crucial for the economy of the regions.
Keywords:
multihazard1, mitigation2, urban infrastructure3
Download Full Article

Title:
Low-Power High-Speed Circuit Design for VLSI Memory Systems under Recent Techniques
Authors:
R. Purushotham Naik, Dr.Sachin Saxena
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 47 - 50, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
In current PC systems, different memory parts are utilized, for example, on-chip enlist documents, on-chip/off-chip reserve recollections, and off-chip primary recollections. High-speed memory framework design has been and will have been a standout amongst the most imperative issues. In microchips, for instance, the on-chip reserve sizes are developing with every era to connect the expanding disparity in the speeds of the processor and the principle memory. Power dissemination has likewise turned into a vital thought both because of the expanded reconciliation and working speeds, and in addition because of the unstable development of battery worked machines. In the theory, low-power high-speed circuits for recollections and processor-memory interface are researched. To start with, anomalous spillage concealment (ALS) plan is proposed to repair standby current blunders in SRAMs because of gadget imperfections. By presenting spillage sensors, move registers and breakers the ALS faculties 1μA of irregular spillage, detaches the memory cell deliberately from VDD lines and along these lines smothers strange spillage current. A 64Kbit test SRAM is created in 0.6μm CMOS innovation and the viability are illustrated. The range overhead reductions with the development of memory limit, and turn out to be under 1% for 4Mbit SRAMs, which guarantee the commonsense utilization of this plan in business applications.
Keywords:
ALS, ISSCC, MTCMOS, VTCMOS, RRDV, PMOSRRDV, NMOSRRDV
Download Full Article

Title:
Life Time Change Dynamics of WSN In Spite of Energy Hole at Sink
Authors:
Rakeshreddy Gurrala, Srinivas Rao Adabala
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 51 - 58, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become very important network for sensing surroundings for temperature, humidity, surveillance and so on. Such networks are deployed in strange environments also. The life time of the network depends on the battery power which is limited. Therefore the life time of the network needs to be improved by considering optimizations. Moreover, certain attacks such as energy hole at sink are to be prevented in order to ensure that lifetime of the network is optimized. In this paper we investigate the presence and the effectives of energy hole at sink and characterize it in order to have better understanding of it and take preventive measures. The proposed investigations are made using NS2 simulations. The results reveal the efficiency of the proposed method.
Keywords:
energy efficiency, energy hole, network lifetime, routing, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
Download Full Article

Title:
Experimental Analysis of Mass Transfer Studies In Three-Phase Fluidized Beds
Authors:
Vaishali Pendse, Dr. Bidyut Mazumdar, Dr. H. Kumar
Source:
International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, pp 59 - 63, Vol 02 - No. 09, 2017
Abstract:
Mass transfer characteristics of three-phase fluidization were determined in the present experimental work which was carried out in a vertical cylindrical acrylic column of 90mm internal diameter , 100 mm external diameter and height of the column is 1350 mm .Benzoic acid pellets, water and air were used as solid, liquid and gaseous phase respectively. Initially the superficial liquid velocity was maintained constant and superficial gas velocities varied. After attaining steady state, at a particular gas velocity, the fluidized bed height and manometer readings were recorded for pressure drop estimation. The above-mentioned procedure was repeated for four different liquid velocities in a fluidized bed. The effect on mass transfer for various specific liquid flow rates and gas flow rates were studied. It was observed that there is slight decrease in mass transfer with increase in gas flow rate and not significant difference in mass transfer by increasing liquid flow rate in cocurrent three-phase fluidized bed.
Keywords:
three-phase fluidization, mass transfer, Gas velocity,liquid velocity, benzoic acid pellets
Download Full Article